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1
ERCP-related perforations are classified by Stapfer type according to injury site and mechanism, with clinical course and intervention needs varying across types.
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2
The review compared outcomes by initial management strategy, retaining patients who later required rescue surgery in the initial non-surgical group as treatment failures.
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3
Initial non-surgical management included conservative care, endoscopic intervention, and/or image-guided drainage; upfront surgery was the initial definitive operative approach.
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4
The primary outcome was success of the initial strategy, defined as survival to hospital discharge without rescue surgery after non-surgical management or after upfront surgery.
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5
The review assessed outcomes overall and by Stapfer type, but sparse surgical comparator data for Types III and IV precluded meaningful estimates of relative effects.
