Comparative effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions for toe walking in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review - Takeaways - MDSpire

Efficacy of Non-Surgical versus Surgical Treatments for Toe Walking in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review

  • By

  • Emanuele Perricone

  • Alessia Caldaci

  • Giovanni Cacciaguerra

  • Alessandra di Nora

  • Claudia Parano

  • Vito Pavone

  • July 20, 2026

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  • 1

    Toe walking is common in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with prevalence rates between 41% and 68%.

  • 2

    The systematic review included eight studies with 424 ASD patients aged 2 to 16 years, focusing on treatment outcomes for toe walking.

  • 3

    Conservative and multimodal conservative treatments generally reported higher improvement rates compared to surgical and unimodal approaches.

  • 4

    Current evidence regarding the effectiveness of treatments for toe walking in ASD is of very low certainty and descriptive in nature.

  • 5

    Further high-quality studies with standardized outcomes and long-term follow-up are needed to evaluate treatment effectiveness.

Original Source(s)

Comparative effectiveness of conservative and surgical interventions for toe walking in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: a systematic review

  • by Emanuele Perricone, Alessia Caldaci, Giovanni Cacciaguerra, Alessandra di Nora, Claudia Parano, Vito Pavone

  • July 20, 2026

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