Gestational diabetes mellitus–induced adipokine dysregulation and links to metabolic programming risks

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Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pregnancy-related hyperglycemic disorder with varying global prevalence influenced by multiple factors.
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Maternal hyperglycemia affects leptin and adiponectin levels, with significant differences observed between diet-controlled and insulin-treated GDM groups.
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Higher maternal leptin and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio (LAR) indicate insulin resistance and potential metabolic stress impacting fetal growth.
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Adiponectin levels in cord blood are higher in GDM-diet neonates compared to GDM-insulin, suggesting differences in fetal metabolic programming.
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Tracking leptin, adiponectin, and their ratios may help identify metabolic risks and guide postnatal interventions for mothers and offspring.

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