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1
Central precocious puberty (CPP) in males is defined by testicular volume >4 mL before age 9, resulting from early activation of the HPG axis.
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2
The prevalence of brain lesions in males with CPP has decreased significantly, now estimated at 6-8%, compared to historical rates of 40-75%.
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3
Identified risk factors for intracranial lesions in CPP include neurological symptoms, early pubertal onset, and maternal age at menarche above 11 years.
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4
Idiopathic CPP is the majority of cases in males, with key genetic mutations linked to pubertal regulation identified in recent studies.
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5
Environmental factors, particularly endocrine-disrupting chemicals, have been implicated in influencing the timing of puberty in boys.
