Transforming surgical ward rounds: constructivist pedagogy, structured models, and intelligent technologies

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Surgical ward rounds are essential for clinical training but often fail to engage learners actively due to traditional apprenticeship models.
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Constructivist learning theories advocate for active engagement, shifting focus from teacher transmission to learner knowledge construction.
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Structured teaching models like SNAPPS, OMP, and BID operationalize constructivist principles, enhancing clinical reasoning and teaching efficiency.
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Generative AI and immersive virtual reality technologies can augment surgical education by simulating questioning and providing scalable training.
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An integrated framework is proposed, combining theoretical foundations, structured models, and technology to improve surgical ward round education.

Frontiers In Medicine

by Linkun Zhong, Cong Zhou, Jianhang Miao, Jinghang Dong, Lili Luo, Chizhuai Liu, Yutong Li
July 7, 2026

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