Hemozoin-induced immunomodulation and prostate carcinogenesis: mechanisms and implications

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Hemozoin (Hz) is a by-product of Plasmodium species that may contribute to prostate cancer by sustaining inflammation and altering immune responses.
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Chronic exposure to Hz can modulate inflammatory pathways, leading to amplified cell growth, inhibited cell death, and genomic instability.
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Hz directs macrophages towards a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype and suppresses cytotoxic T-cells, negatively impacting anti-tumor immunity.
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Epidemiological data suggest a correlation between malaria endemic regions and increased prostate cancer incidence, warranting further investigation.
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Understanding the immunomodulatory effects of Hz may lead to novel diagnostic measures and interventions for prostate cancer.

Frontiers In Oncology

by Abimbola D. Akinyosoye, Solomon O. Rotimi, Olutola E. Olasehinde, Gbolahan O. Oduselu, Solomon U. Oranusi, Olayemi O. Akinnola
May 4, 2026

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