Assessing upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS: from TMS-EEG and EMG neurophysiology to a combined tFUS-TMS translational framework - Takeaways - MDSpire

Assessing upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS: from TMS-EEG and EMG neurophysiology to a combined tFUS-TMS translational framework

  • By

  • Ahmadreza Keihani

  • Mahsa Hassani

  • Seyed Saman Sajadi

  • Seyedeh Atena Modarresi

  • Marziyeh Khoshkholgh

  • Mahdi Haresabadi

  • Kiana Amani

  • Zahra Jourahmad

  • Fabio Ferrarelli

  • June 11, 2026

  • 0 min

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  • 1

    Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the degeneration of both upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs).

  • 2

    Cortical hyperexcitability may be an early mechanism in ALS, suggesting that UMN dysfunction could drive LMN degeneration.

  • 3

    Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) are proposed to investigate UMN dysfunction in ALS.

  • 4

    Current biomarkers for ALS include blood, cerebrospinal fluid measures, neuroimaging, and neurophysiological metrics.

  • 5

    No single biomarker for ALS has achieved universal clinical adoption, highlighting the need for a multimodal biomarker framework.

Original Source(s)

Assessing upper motor neuron dysfunction in ALS: from TMS-EEG and EMG neurophysiology to a combined tFUS-TMS translational framework

  • by Ahmadreza Keihani, Mahsa Hassani, Seyed Saman Sajadi, Seyedeh Atena Modarresi, Marziyeh Khoshkholgh, Mahdi Haresabadi, Kiana Amani, Zahra Jourahmad, Fabio Ferrarelli

  • June 11, 2026

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