Coordinated oral–gut microbiota relocation in connective tissue diseases: a systematic review

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This systematic review synthesizes evidence on oral and gut microbiome alterations in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren’s syndrome.
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Thirty-three studies involving 1,385 patients and 2,131 healthy controls were included, focusing on microbial alterations across oral and gut sites.
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Intestinal α-diversity was frequently reduced, while oral diversity was preserved or increased in patients with SLE and pSS.
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Recurrent opposing abundance patterns were observed, notably involving Streptococcus and Actinomycetota in SLE and Pseudomonadota in pSS.
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The findings support the concept of coordinated dysregulation of the oral and gut microbiomes in connective tissue diseases.

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