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1
Guideline effectiveness depends on health-system capacity, including staffing, infrastructure, and reliable care pathways.
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2
In Brazilian cohorts, mortality among mechanically ventilated patients was 51%, and mortality among invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 neared 80%.
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3
In the OGAA cohort, 90-day mortality after esophagectomy was 9.4% in low- and middle-income countries and 3.7% in high-income settings, despite similar major-complication rates.
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4
Stroke-unit effectiveness in resource-limited settings depends on consistent supportive care, including dysphagia screening, pneumonia prevention, mobilization, and nutritional support.
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5
Trials in Zambia and Africa found higher short-term mortality with aggressive fluid resuscitation protocols when comparable critical care support was unavailable.
