Targeting the heart-immune axis after myocardial infarction: from inflammation to immunomodulation

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Myocardial infarction triggers a systemic immune response involving crosstalk between the injured heart and remote immune organs.
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The post-MI immune response is divided into three phases: inflammation, resolution, and remodeling, each with distinct mechanisms.
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Targeting macrophage polarization and excessive inflammation offers therapeutic potential for preserving cardiac function post-MI.
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Emerging immunomodulatory strategies focus on axis-targeted approaches, aiming to restore protective cardiac repair rather than broadly suppressing immunity.
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This review provides a roadmap for future MI therapies by addressing the heart-immune axis and its phase-specific regulatory mechanisms.

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