Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials - Takeaways - MDSpire

Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

  • By

  • Agathoklis Efthymiadis

  • Konstantinos Tsikopoulos

  • Edouard G Mills

  • Andrew Milne

  • Waljit S Dhillo

  • Ali Abbara

  • Alexander N Comninos

  • January 8, 2026

  • 0 min

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  • 1

    Women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) are at high risk for poor bone health due to estrogen deficiency.

  • 2

    Transdermal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) improves lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density in women with FHA.

  • 3

    Teriparatide is more effective than transdermal HRT and combined oral contraceptive pill for lumbar spine bone mineral density.

  • 4

    Pharmacological interventions are necessary when lifestyle changes fail to restore menses and improve bone health in FHA.

  • 5

    International guidelines recommend transdermal HRT as first-line therapy for bone health in women with FHA who do not regain menses.

Original Source(s)

Pharmacological interventions to improve bone density in functional hypothalamic amenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

  • by Agathoklis Efthymiadis, Konstantinos Tsikopoulos, Edouard G Mills, Andrew Milne, Waljit S Dhillo, Ali Abbara, Alexander N Comninos

  • January 8, 2026

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