Advances in ventilator-associated pneumonia: from pathophysiology to precision management

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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common complication of invasive mechanical ventilation, associated with significant morbidity and mortality.
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The respiratory microbiome and host immune interactions are critical in understanding VAP, shifting the focus towards personalized treatment strategies.
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Rapid molecular diagnostics, such as syndromic multiplex PCR panels, improve pathogen detection but face challenges in clinical integration and adherence.
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Antibiotic optimization strategies aim to minimize unnecessary exposure to preserve respiratory microbiome health and improve treatment outcomes.
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Emerging precision immunotherapy approaches guided by immune biomarkers show promise in improving organ function in patients with VAP.

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