Ultrasound-driven mechanical immunomodulation enhances tumor treatment sensitivity: advances from tumor mechanical immunobiology to immunotherapy applications

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Tumor immunotherapy is limited by microenvironmental heterogeneity and mechanical barriers that restrict immune cell infiltration.
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Ultrasound can modulate immune responses and the tumor microenvironment through mechanical stimuli, enhancing immunotherapy effectiveness.
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Two main mechanisms of ultrasound-induced immunomodulation include direct regulation of immune cell behavior and remodeling of the tumor microenvironment.
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Ultrasound improves vascular permeability and alleviates physical barriers, facilitating better drug delivery and immune cell access to tumors.
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Future research must address challenges in ultrasound dosimetry, targeting accuracy, and safety to optimize its clinical application in immunotherapy.

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