Advancements in Intranasal Influenza Vaccines: Mechanisms, Platforms, and Progress in Translation

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Seasonal influenza vaccination is crucial for reducing disease burden but has variable effectiveness due to host factors and antigenic drift.
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Intranasal vaccines can induce both local and systemic immune responses, addressing limitations of intramuscular vaccines.
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Live-attenuated influenza vaccines are currently the only licensed intranasal option, but their use is limited by performance variability and contraindications.
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Intranasal delivery offers practical advantages, including increased patient compliance and reduced risks associated with needle use.
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Advancements in intranasal vaccine platforms aim to enhance immunogenicity and provide broader protection against diverse influenza strains.

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