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1
Pharmacological treatments for insomnia are limited by risks of tolerance, dependence, and daytime effects, prompting interest in non-pharmacological interventions.
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2
The review examines five physical factor therapies for insomnia: auditory stimulation, phototherapy, thermotherapy, electrical stimulation, and magnetic stimulation.
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3
Physical factor therapies target insomnia's mechanisms through peripheral sensory modulation, central neuromodulation, or systemic autonomic regulation.
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4
Clinical evidence for these therapies is heterogeneous, with varying efficacy, safety, and limitations noted across randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses.
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5
Future research should focus on larger sham-controlled trials, standardized protocols, and biomarker-guided stratification for insomnia treatments.
