Hemodynamic phenotyping of bronchopulmonary dysplasia: from transitional circulation to precision cardiopulmonary care

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major complication of extreme prematurity, leading to significant long-term morbidity.
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BPD is increasingly recognized as a complex cardiopulmonary syndrome involving disrupted vascular development and ventricular dysfunction.
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Abnormal pulmonary vascular growth in BPD begins early and is exacerbated by factors like hyperoxia and mechanical ventilation.
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Early hemodynamic assessment using targeted neonatal echocardiography can detect subclinical pulmonary vascular disease in preterm infants.
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Phenotype-based classification of BPD supports individualized management strategies to address its heterogeneous nature.

Frontiers In Pediatrics

by Gabriela S. Trindade, Bianca C. Benincasa, Rita C. Silveira, Renato S. Procianoy
June 25, 2026

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