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1
Johne’s disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leading to chronic enteric infections in ruminants.
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2
MAP infection often occurs early in life through contaminated milk, feed, or water, with many animals remaining asymptomatic for years.
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3
Current vaccine studies show partial protection and mucosal immune responses, but significant regional differences exist across the intestine.
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4
MAP evades immunity by modulating macrophage responses, blocking phagosome maturation, and impairing antigen presentation.
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5
Research gaps in mucosal immunity to MAP hinder vaccine development, emphasizing the need for a better understanding of host immune responses.
