Perspective: Hormones and immune development: bidirectional regulation between thyroid hormones and the immune system

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Thyroid hormones play a significant role in modulating immune function, particularly in T cell responses, within a dynamic physiological environment.
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Thyroid hormone signaling acts as a systemic regulator of T cell activity, integrating endocrine, immune, and metabolic cues.
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Thyroid dysfunction is linked to altered immune tolerance and autoimmune disease progression, affecting broader immune-related outcomes.
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The immunological effects of thyroid hormones vary depending on the endocrine context, influencing T cell activation and cytokine production.
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Future studies are needed to integrate longitudinal and multi-omics approaches to better understand thyroid-immune regulation.

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