From risk factors to molecular targets: clinical associations and molecular docking insights into phthalate-associated diabetic retinopathy

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The study identifies novel risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) using NHANES data and an independent clinical cohort.
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Longer weekday outdoor time and higher serum vitamin D levels are associated with increased and decreased odds of DR, respectively.
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Cataract presence is strongly linked to DR, while less electronic device use correlates with lower odds of developing the condition.
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Urinary assessments show inverse associations between certain phthalates and DR, suggesting environmental exposure may influence DR risk.
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Network toxicology analysis reveals 123 target genes related to DR, highlighting potential molecular pathways for further research.

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