Restoring balance in atopic disorders: insights into type 2 immunity and chronic inflammation

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Atopic diseases result from an immunological imbalance, leading to chronic inflammation in epithelial organs.
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Type 2 immunity evolved to combat large helminth parasites and involves both innate and adaptive immune pathways.
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Reduced exposure to helminths may trigger unchecked Type 2 inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals.
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Type 2 cytokines and alarmins recruit immune cells, leading to tissue remodeling and mucus production.
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IL-4 and IL-13 play dual roles in host defense and pathology, contributing to both tissue repair and damage.

Frontiers In Immunology

by Eric L. Simpson, Oscar Palomares, Brian S. Kim, Klaus F. Rabe, Yamo Deniz, Antonio Martin, Rahin Ghassemebrahimzadeh, Sonya L. Cyr
June 5, 2026

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