Pilot Randomized Trial of Amygdala Neurofeedback Added to Residential Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder

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The pilot trial tested whether adding amygdala neurofeedback to residential dialectical behavior therapy reduced affective instability in borderline personality disorder.
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Participants were recruited after 6 weeks of a 12-week residential dialectical behavior therapy program and had Borderline Symptom List–23 scores of at least 1.5.
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Participants assigned to neurofeedback completed three sessions, each comprising two training runs.
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The study included a treatment-as-usual control arm and assessments at baseline, immediately after treatment, and 3 months; self-report follow-up also occurred at 6 months.
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Daily-life negative affect instability measured by ecological momentary assessment was the primary endpoint, while self-report and neural outcomes were secondary endpoints.

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